Annals of Neurosciences, Volume 22, Issue 1 (January), 2015

Bax modulates neuronal survival while p53 is unaltered after Cytochrome C induced oxidative stress in the adult olfactory bulb in vivo

Olalekan M Ogundele¹ and Olurotimi J Sanya²

¹Department of Anatomy; ²Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

Introduction

The cells of the olfactory bulb originate from the subventricular zone (SVZ) neuronal progenitors that differentiate into peri-glomerular and granule cells of the bulb.^1,2 These cells are different form the other central nervous system neurons because of their ability to divide after the expression of adult neuronal markers.^3,4 Several studies have reported the unusual cell cycle and mitotic behavior of these cells during the development of the nervous system, although the molecular mechanism responsible for the control of the prolonged cell cycle and adult neurogenesis remains elusive.^1,5,6

Tumor suppressor protein (p53) and cell cycle exit protein (Bax) largely participates in control of cell proliferation in the SVZ neuronal stream.^7,8 In vitro experiments involving knock out mice models have shown that over expression of p53 or Bax reduces the rate of cell proliferation and renewal in the developing olfactory bulb.^8,9 However, in the adult system, the repression of cell proliferation in the olfactory bulb by p53 is linked to the p53-mitochondria signaling in apoptosis.^8–10 The p53-miotchondria pathway is driven by oxidative stress induced through inhibition of the energy coupling process involving the cytochrome C oxidase (CcOX)- complex V of the electron transport chain- and transient release of reactive oxygen species (ROS).^11–13

Chemical agents (such as cyanide and other heavy metals) inhibit the oxygen carrying capacity of the CcOX (Heme a3-Cuβ binuclear center) leading to generation of ROS in the mitochondria matrix (oxidative stress).^14–16 The product of this stress pattern is the release of cytochrome C (Cyto C) into the cytoplasm which fixes Bax into the membrane of the mitochondria through tBID to create calcium surge in the cytoplasm.^17–20 Factors which facilitate the up regulation of Bax are usually associated with senescence, reduction of Bcl-2 and over expression of p53.^21–23 However, other non-Bax related mechanisms are known to induce increased expression of p53 in neurons during oxidative stress. Nitric oxide (NO), formed through the reaction of ROS with nitrogen containing compounds trigger apoptosis by increasing the expression of p53 in the nucleus and subsequently DNA cleavage.^10,24 These mechanisms are also important in tumor protection and self-renewal in the olfactory bulb through regulation of senescence, tumorgenesis and apoptosis.²⁵

The relationship between Bax and p53 expression in the cell cycle of granule and periglomerular cells of the adult olfactory bulb is still relatively unknown.²⁶ Furthermore the functional role of p53 in the prolonged cell cycle, oxidative stress, neuronal survival and apoptosis in the adult olfactory bulb in vivo is yet to be elucidated.^26,27 Previous studies have demonstrated dose-dependent mechanisms in oxidative stress cytotoxic response in different parts of the brain (also dependent on the cell cycle specific for each cell type).²⁸ A common evidence for the regional cytotoxic pathways is how the plastic brain regions respond differently when compared with the non-plastic cortex to the same assault. Also, neurons in these regions follow varying patterns of cell death for the same assault and threshold of assault.²⁹ The role of p53 and Bax in regulating proliferation and apoptosis in oxidative stress is a major switch that determines selective vulnerability of adult neurons in the olfactory bulb to varying thresholds of induced oxidative stress. In this study, we have elucidated the interplay of p53 and Bax expression in peri-glomerular and granule cells of the olfactory bulb. We investigated pharmacologically, whether the induction of oxidative stress through inhibition of CcOX at varying doses will generate a difference in p53/Bax expression in the neuroplasticolfactory bulb. Furthermore, we sought to identify the relationship between p53/Bax expression and cell viability in the adult olfactory bulb following induced oxidative stress.

Methods

Treatment

N = 15 adult Wistar rats (males; weighing 250–280 gms) were divided into three groups of n = 5 animals each. Potassium cyanide (KCN) salt was dissolved in PBS (freshly prepared) and was administered orally using a gavage to n = 5 animals at 20 mg/Kg body weight (BW). Using the same treatment method, a separate set of n = 5 animals received 10 mg/kg BW of KCN to block mitochondria CcOX (Heme a3-Cuβ binuclear center) and facilitate cellular release of Cytochrome C and ROS. The control group (n = 5) were treated with normal saline. The total treatment duration was 15 days for all groups. Author completed the IACUC training on Animal Use and a protocol number was already assigned to group. (ABU13/Neu/008).

Olfactory Bulb Tissue Preparation

Animals were anaesthetized using sodium pentobarbital (45 I.P) and decapitated to obtain the olfactory bulb. All protocols were approved by the Animal Use Ethics Committee of the Afe Babalola University. The brains were quickly submerged into cold artificial cerebrospinal fluid [ACSF: 125 mM NaCl, 25 mM NaHCO₃, 3 mM KCl, 1.25 mM NaH₂PO₄, 1 mM MgCl₂, 2 m MCaCl₂ and 25 mM glucose maintained at 4⁰C] and transferred to formolcalcium for 14 hours. The fixed tissues were processed to obtain paraffin wax embedded tissue blocks which was sectioned in the sagittal plane (1.0 mm lateral to the median cerebral fissure) using a microtome (Leica, Germany). The sections, 7 µm thick, were recovered and placed in urea and microwaved for antigen retrieval. Immunostaining with antibodies for rat p53 and Bax (Novocastra; Leica Biosystems, Germany) were used to examine the protein expression in the olfactory bulb. Primary antibody dilution of 1:200 (in PBS) was used for both anti-p53 and anti-Bax. The color reaction was developed using avidin-biotin-peroxidase immunohistochemistry (Novocastra) and DAB (Sigma) as the polymer.

Histology

The sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin to demonstrate the general histology of the bulb using the methods of Eltony and Elgayar, (2014).³⁰

Cell Count and Statistical Analysis

The images were acquired using an Optronics Digital Camera connected to a computer interface (MagnaFire) and an Olympus BX-51 Binocular research microscope. The general structure of the pyramidal cells peri-glomerular and granule cells were characterized using inter-reader variability. The cells were counted using Image J at X400 or X250. Immunopositive cells (p53 and Bax) were counted at different microscopic fields (n = 7) for n = 5 sections for all groups using the method of Going, (1994).³¹ Data obtained was analyzed using ANOVA and Bon Ferroni Post Hoc test with significance set at P<0.05 [Graph Pad Prism (Version 6.0)]. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant, thus, P<0.05 (*), P<0.01 (**) and P<0.001 (***).

Results

In order to determine the p53/Bax relationship in proliferation or cell death of neuron in the adult olfactory bulb, we employed the use of cyanide-CcOX toxicity dose-dependent assault followed by histology and p53/Bax protein mapping of the bulb. Using stereological methods, we counted the granule and periglomerular cells of the bulb (n = 7) for n = 5 animals in each group (n = 35 fields per group). The counts were done in general histology (H&E), p53 and Bax immunohistochemistry to determine the overall cell count and protein specific expressions in these layers. In general histology (Figure 1A) the cell count for 10 mg/Kg treatment increased when compared to the control (***P<0.001) while no significant change in cell count was seen for the 20 mg/Kg treatment versus the control (Figure 1B). However, the increase in cell number in the 10 mg/kg treatment was not associated with any change in p53 expression in the olfactory bulb (Figure 2A).

Fig. 1: General histology of the olfactory bulb shown in hematoxylin and eosin staining. (A) demonstration of the granule (G) and periglomerular (P) cell layers of the olfactory bulb in the treatment and control (Magnification X400). (B) an increase in cell number was observed in the 10 mg/Kg (***P<0.001) and not the 20 mg/Kg (NS) treatment when compared with the control. No significant change in cell count was found between the treatment groups (NS) [error bars represents SEM].

This is intriguing as the p53 expression level in the control and 20 mg/Kg also showed no significant change (Figure 2A and 2B) similar to the observations in the total cell count (Figure 1A and 1B). Thus, for varying thresholds of induced oxidative stress, no change in p53 expression despite a change in cell count at 10 mg/kg BW treatment (Figure 2B). This suggests that p53 might play little or no role in the regulation proliferation or apoptosis in the adult olfactory bulb cells in induced oxidative stress.

Fig. 2: Immunohistochemical localization of the P53(+) cells in the olfactory bulb. (A) Although a change in cell count was observed (Figure 1A–B), no significant change was recorded in the expression of P53 in the treatment groups versus the control. This suggests that nitric oxide/ROS induced P53 increase might not be a mechanism for oxidative stress induced cell death in the olfactory bulb. (B) No dose dependency was also observed when the 10 and 20 mg/Kg treatments were compared. Significance was set at P<0.05 for all comparisons; NS-not significant) [error bars represents SEM].

We then examined the expression of Bax in the granule and periglomerular cell layers to determine the involvement of Bax versus p53 in oxidative stress driven cell proliferation or cell death (Figure 3A and 3B). We observed a significant decrease in the Bax expression at 10 mg/Kg treatment versus the control (P<0.01) and the 20 mg/Kg treatment (P<0.01) (Figure 3B). This also correlated with an increase in cell proliferation in total cell count (10 mg/Kg; Figure 1A and 1B). In all instances, the p53 and Bax levels did not change significantly for the control and 20 mg/Kg treatment (Figure 4). These findings suggest that p53 is relatively constant irrespective of the oxidative stress threshold and Bax acts independently in a dose-specific manner to regulate neuronal survival in the olfactory bulb. A lower dose (10 mg/Kg BW) induced proliferative changes and caused a reduction in the expression of Bax and with no corresponding change in p53 expression while 20 mg/Kg BW caused no significant change in Bax, p53 and cell count when compared to the control (Figure 4).

Fig. 3: Bax Immunostaining (A) Photomicrographs showing the distribution of Bax (+) cells in periglomerular (P) and granule (G) cell layers of the olfactory bulb (Magnification X250). (B) A reduction in Bax expression was seen in the 10 mg/Kg treatment which was significant when compared to the control (**P<0.01) and the 20 mg/Kg (**P<0.01). This also corresponded to an increase in cell count observed in general histology (Figure 1B). A decrease in the expression of Bax indicates more cells are allowed to continue the cell cycle, thus supporting proliferation in the adult olfactory bulb (seen in the 10 mg/Kg treatment). The 20 mg/Kg treatment caused no change in Bax expression and also caused no change in cell count (Figure 1B) [error bars represents SEM].

Discussion

Taken together the findings of this study suggest the central role of Bax in determining oxidative stress induced proliferation or degeneration in the adult olfactory bulb. We have also shown that Bax-expression is dependent on the threshold on the induced stress while p53 remained unchanged irrespective of the stress threshold. The expression of p53 and Bax in the olfactory bulb also correlated to the outcomes of the total cell count. Cell proliferation was observed in the 10 mg/Kg treatment (Figure 1A and 1B), an effect linked with Bax repression (Figure 3A and 3B) and no change in p53 expression (Figure 2A–B and Figure 4). No significance was recorded in the cell count for the 20 mg/Kg treatment. Also, Bax and p53 expression was not changed significantly when compared to the control. An important inference is the expression pattern of Bax in relation to the induced-stress threshold and total cell count in the olfactory bulb. We observed that a decrease in Bax without a corresponding change in p53 expression at 10 mg/Kg treatment caused an increase in the olfactory bulb cell count (Figure 4 and 1B), while for the 20 mg/Kg treatment no significant change in p53/Bax expression and cell count (Figure 4). Also, the expression of p53 showed no significant change for the varying stress threshold (0, 10 and 20 mg/Kg BW) (Figure 2A and B). These findings confirms that the expression of Bax is dependent on the threshold of the induced stress which modulates an increase in Bax during apoptosis or its decrease in proliferation. This indicates that threshold of induced oxidative stress and the associated change in the expression of Bax are responsible for neuronal survival in oxidative stress rather than p53.

Fig. 4: A scatter plot showing the expression of p53 and dose-dependent expression of Bax in the olfactory bulb after induced oxidative stress (n = 7). In the control and 20 mg/Kg treatment, the levels of p53 and Bax expression were unchanged. This corresponded to no significant increase in total cell count (Figure 1A and 1B). The 10 mg/Kg treatment recorded a decrease in Bax and no change in p53; corresponding to an increase in cell count [Error bars represent SD].

The interplay between p53 and Bax has long been described in the cell viability and apoptosis.^28,32,33 Recent studies have shown that an increase in p53 or Bax often corresponds to reduce cell viability through the modulation of calcium signaling in mitochondria-linked apoptosis.^34,35 Bax is central to the “suggested” p53-motochondria apoptotic pathway by directing ROS-induced calcium-shift through its ability to increase mitochondria membrane permeability.^34–36 A major comparison is the role of Bax as a calcium transport regulator in oxidative stress³⁶ versus its role as a cell cycle exit protein in death of olfactory bulb neurons (apoptosis).³⁷ First, an increased level of Bax in the cell cycle implies an increase in number of cells exiting the cell cycle (apoptosis) and reduction of Bax expression will promote cell viability and proliferation (retaining more cells in the cell cycle). This has been shown in vitro as cell proliferation increased following the use of pharmacological inhibitors of Bax³⁸, and in vivo in genetic deletion rodent models (Bax-/-).³⁹ Second, following the release of Cytochrome C in cyanide induced oxidative stress Bax activates Bid signaling (tBid) to facilitate the release of mitochondria calcium into the cytoplasm causing autophagy.^19,20 This is achieved through the kiss and run mechanism of both Bax and tBid in increasing mitochondria membrane permeability (ψ_m). Studies have shown that tBid runs faster if it has been kissed by Bax, thus an elevated Bax in oxidative stress indicates calcium based excitotoxicity through a mitochondria pathway.^40,41 Thus, either as a cycle exit protein or calcium-shift inductor, Bax modulates the survival of neurons; in the former through apoptosis and the later through calcium toxicity/autophagy.

The actual relationship between p53 and calcium signaling is vague. Although high levels of p53 have been reported to correspond to an increase in cerebral calcium, the central role of Bax in Ca^2-P53 cross talk remains elusive.^42,43 In oxidative stress, it is known that ROS formation facilitates the formation of NO which can raise the nuclear level of P53 and induce apoptosis. Further, the ROS also facilitates “ROS-dependent calcium” release from the mitochondria through the Cytochrome C-Bax-tBid signaling pathway.³⁸ We can deduce form these points that ROS-induced NO production and Cytochrome C release are inductors of P53 and Bax increase respectively. Thus, associated calcium-shift in ROS-linked elevated P53 can be said to be Bax-dependent rather than being induced through an increased expression of P53.^34,38

Our findings suggest that Bax is not dependent on P53 in modulating oxidative stress and neuronal cell viability in the adult olfactory bulb (Figure 4). Furthermore, the extent of Bax inhibition was dependent on the threshold of the oxidative stress (Figure 3A, 3B and Figure 4) while P53 showed no significant change when compared to the control. A decrease in Bax also caused an increased cell proliferation in the olfactory bulb raising the question as to role of P53 in cell viability in the adult olfactory bulb. Other studies have reported the role of P53 in cell proliferation in the developing olfactory bulb such that genetic deletion of P53 increased number of the cells of the SVZ.^7,34 However, in the adult bulb, genetic deletion P53 caused no significant increase in cell proliferation²⁶ while genetic deletion or up regulation of Bax altered the olfactory bulb density significantly;³⁸ further supporting the importance of Bax in neuronal viability in oxidative stress.

Bax regulates neuronal survival and viability in the adult olfactory bulb

Adult neurogenesis has been described in the olfactory bulb. It involves the repopulation of neuronal stem cells migrating from the SVZ into the granule and periglomerular cell layers of the olfactory bulb to participate on the formation of inter neurons required for the integration of newly formed cells of the olfactory circuit.^1,44 Despite the importance or neuronal survival in the olfactory bulb, the regulatory mechanism remains elusive. Hypothetically, the prominent players marked for study are the cell cycle and apoptosis protein- P53 and Bax. Our study has shown that Bax is more implicated for such mechanistic regulation of survival in the adult bulb while P53 relatively maintains a passive role. Our findings are further supported by previous studies which showed that genetic deletion of P53 caused no change in cell count⁷ while the deletion of Bax changed the cell count significantly in vivo.⁴⁴ Shi et al, (2005) showed that regulatory activities of Bax in neuronal viability of the olfactory bulb is dependent on its modulation of calcium through IP₃ signaling and alteration of mitochondria membrane permeability.^38,45 Impairment of proliferation through upregulation of Bax has been associated with a decrease in olfactory function and olfactory bulb volume, specifically the loss of the granule and peri-glomerular cells.^45,38 The Bax-dependent mechanism of cell loss has also been described in the olfactory bulb of rodent models of depression.⁴⁶

Although a strong relationship exists between P53 and Bax, this study (and others) suggests that Bax is central to the control of both proliferation and cell death in the adult olfactory bulb when compared with P53. Also, we have demonstrated that Bax modulation of neuronal survival in oxidative stress is dependent on the threshold of the induced-stress and together (that is Bax expression and stress threshold) regulates the survival of neurons in the adult olfactory bulb. We deduce that it is reflective of the regional cytotoxic pathway in the olfactory bulb and how threshold of assault creates varying effects in different parts of the brain. This is an important premise for future studies on the role oxidative stress in the regulation of the activities of Bax and how oxidative stress thresholds affects calcium signaling in the olfactory bulb relative to its cell cycle pattern.

It is in continuation to varrious previous studies which highlight the role of oxidative stress in neurodegenrative disorders.^47–51 Orally administered KCN between 4 to 22 mg/Kg BW per day represents the sub-lethal dose for rats while 15–30 days is termed “short-term” exposure.⁵² We anticipate variations in the findings for varied doses and duration. We have selected this treatment algorithm as it is representative of human exposure from cynanophoric plant diets.^53,54

Conclusion

Although P53 play an important role in development of the olfactory bulb, our findings suggest that it has little contribution in neuronal cell viability and proliferation in the adult olfactory bulb. No significant change in P53 was observed irrespective of treatment dose and cell count while Bax expression was reduced at 10 mg/Kg treatment and was associated with an increased cell count. We conclude that regulation of survival of neurons in the adult olfactory bulb, following induced-oxidative stress was more dependent of the expression of Bax and the treatment concentration rather than P53 expression.

Authorship Contributions

Olalekan M Ogundele: Main author and investigator that designed the experiments and wrote the manuscript, Olurotimi J Sanya: Participated in the revision of the manuscript and analysis of the result.

Acknowledgement

We acknowledge the contributions of the technicians of Department of Anatomy in caring for these animals throughout the period of the study.

This article complies with International Committee of Medical Journal editor’s uniform requirements for manuscript.

Conflict of Interests: None; Source of funding: ISN-CAEN 1B of August, 2013 issued by the International Society for Neurochemistry, Fellowship Grant TF476 issued by the Company of Biologists LTD, Cambridge UK.

Received Date : 8 August 2014; Revised Date : 24 December 2014; Accepted Date : 21 January 2015

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